Prices fell by 0.9% month-on-month in October, the first monthly decline in 15 months, the mortgage lender said.
The monthly fall was the largest since June 2020, at the height of the Covid pandemic.
Annual UK house price growth also slowed sharply last month.
“The market has undoubtedly been impacted by the turmoil following the mini-budget, which led to a sharp rise in market interest rates,” said Robert Gardner, Nationwide’s chief economist.
“Higher borrowing costs have added to stretched housing affordability at a time when household finances are already under pressure from high inflation,” he added.
Investors reacted badly to the plan unveiled by the previous prime minister Liz Truss and her chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng in September, which promised billions of pounds of tax cuts without explaining how they would be paid for.
Mortgage rates rose and lenders also suspended hundreds of mortgage products, amid uncertainty over how to price these long term loans.
Across the UK, the average house price in October was £268,282.
Meanwhile, there was a sharp slowdown in annual house price growth last month, to 7.2% from 9.5% in September, and the housing market looks set to slow in the coming months, Nationwide said.
The figures paint a picture of “sharply weakening demand”, said Susannah Streeter, senior investment and markets analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown.
“The disaster of the Trussenomics mini-budget, which saw bond markets take fright and lenders dramatically pull cheaper deals almost overnight, has clearly taken its toll on confidence among buyers,” she said.
Ms Streeter warned that the property market will remain in sharp focus, with the Bank of England expected to raise interest rates again this week in an attempt to bring down the current rate of inflation.
“Housing affordability has been stretched so thinly any elastic in the market looks like it’s about to snap, particularly with the Bank of England intent on more rate rises,” she said.
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